As there are systemic side effects of atropine eye drops, they could be contraindicated in young patients with some conditions, syndromes, and medications. Atropine, known to eye care professionals for its mydriatic and cycloplegic effects and efficacy to slow the progression of myopia, is also a systemic medication used in cardiovascular management.1最初来自Belladonna,2它是一种抗血清胰酸钠(或毒蕈碱拮抗剂),这意味着它抑制后凸症(神经末梢)肌肉蛋白受体。当系统性上使用时,这会影响副交感神经系统,并增加心脏输出 - 增加心率和传导。1它主要用于治疗患有Bradycardia的人3(当你的心率太慢时),但由于它影响了副交感神经系统,有时它用于减少管道的患者的唾液。1
乙酰胆碱涉及显影视网膜,当阿托滨作为滴眼剂时,它会阻断乙酰胆碱在假定的乙酰胆碱的作用,该机制是阿托品可以缓慢眼睛生长和近视进展的机制。4
阿托品的眼部副作用是众所周知的。在近视对照研究中,有些人报告了100%的患者1%的阿托品经验噬菌体,5which reduces to 22% at 0.5% and 7% at 0.25%.6Despite the mydriatic side effects which could increase intraocular pressure, there have been no reports of atropine inducing ocular hypertension in children.7较低浓度似乎具有较少的副作用,并且具有正确的景观管理,如光肤色和双焦或渐进式眼镜镜片,研究报告称大多数患者可以在利用时发现更强的浓度。8
系统副作用和过敏
如果Atropine通过锥形管道,并且通过鼻粘膜吸收,它具有潜力导致系统性副作用。这些可包括口腔和眼睛干燥,8谵妄或烦躁不安,4,8心动过速8(rapid and weak pulse) and flushed skin and face.8,9.
A suggested mnemonic for remembering the systemic activity and side effects of atropine is “hot as a hare, red as a beet, dry as a bone, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter.”8更重要的系统性阿托品中毒病例会导致嗜睡,中枢神经抑郁,循环塌陷,呼吸衰竭和死亡。8Whilst atropine-related deaths are rare, due to the high metabolic excretion rate, a dose of as little 10mg can be fatal: or the oral ingestion of 20 drops of a 1% atropine solution.8A case of this occurring in America8强调,同时e的安全性ye drop is good, medication should be stored safely, properly and far out of the reach of children.
在考虑阿托品作为眼药水的全身毒性作用,通过眼睛中毒可能是不可能的。0.1%的阿托啉溶液含有0.5mg,每下含量为0.5mg,并且达到来自儿童的眼药水的潜在致命剂量20滴将需要通过结膜同时吸收,这在眼睛没有对眼睛有限的能力而不是解剖学或生理学上的可能性持有滴眼量。10阿托品也很快代谢,在2-5小时之间 - 很可能通过眼镜制剂实现全身毒性将是困难的。10There have been reported fatalities, though, following the use of ocular topical 1% atropine in small children with the congenital cardiac condition Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) and other cardiac co-morbidities.8
抗胆碱能药物已经与减少的认知功能有关,但只有长期,高剂量,全身使用之间的相关性,4并进一步研究了应研究长期阿托品给药的潜在后生命影响。推测,通过适当的泪点闭塞和安全药物储存,在对近视控制规定的低浓度的儿童中,这将不太可能。
对阿托品下降的过敏反应不能仅是眼性而是外观,并且随着阿托嘌呤浓度的增加而发生更多的频率。11症状可能包括盖子水肿,瘙痒和maratosis(睫毛的损失)。11Any of these symptoms should lead to ceasing of atropine and appropriate management of the allergy.
局部阿托品的禁忌症
So who is not suitable for atropine use? Firstly, many clinical manuals and suggest that atropine drops should be avoided in patients with down syndrome, due to concerns regarding excessive mydriatic and cycloplegic effects and potential system toxicity.10,12However other studies refute this, suggesting that reduced accommodative ability is part of the clinical syndrome,8and concerns are unfounded.8,10,13
大多数报告的阿托品的全身并发症来自患有预先存在的心脏病的儿童,如先天性风疹综合征和发育延误。8,14IF您的患者具有先天性综合征或心脏病,应在局部阿托品处方方面进行谨慎行事。谨慎,也应在患者中进行哮喘史或作为阿托品的全身给药的其他肺病会导致肺中粘液增稠并在气道中干燥。2Also exercise caution当患者服用可能具有抗磷酸或抗血清胰蛋白酶的其他药物为了避免增加副作用 - 这包括一些用于治疗抑郁症和一些抗组胺药的药物15但这绝不是一个详尽的清单。与患者的医疗团队的沟通和共同管理是讨论风险/福利的必要条件 - 严格的指导和密切监督风险类别的患者是必须的。14
安全的处方和管理
降低潜在副作用的一种方法是通过将滴剂滴住降低通过尖端的阿托嘌呤的风险,最终的全身吸收。确保干净的双手,瓶顶不会触及眼睛。指导父母缩回孩子的下盖,并将下降放在孩子抬头时形成的“小袋”。一滴一滴并指示患者立即闭上眼睛。轻轻地放置手指,但牢牢地放在封闭眼睛的鼻角并保持大约两分钟。通过做这种技术或非常相似DOT technique (Don't Open Eyes), systemic absorption is reduced.15
If your childhood myopic patient does not have any of the potential contraindications listed above, the use of low dose atropine should be safe for the majority.8,9,14,16As with all medications, careful monitoring of the patient for tolerance, compliance and side effects and ongoing follow up is a must.
阅读更多我们的Atropine六部分博客系列
检查这些临床病例
Which atropine dosage should I prescribe for myopia control?
Atropine eye drops and ocular allergy - what's the cause?
You can also listen to our three podcasts on atropine with world-leading researchers
阿托品,与科拉萨齐尼克教授的科学和负责任的练习来自美国俄亥俄州州立大学。
More on atropine 0.01% treatment for myopia management with Professor Mark Bullimorefrom the University of Houston, Texas USA.
与James Loughman教授的近视管理有阿托品0.01%from Technological University Dublin, and the Centre for Eye Research Ireland.
关于Cassandra
Cassandra Haines.is a clinical optometrist, researcher and writer with a background in policy and advocacy from Adelaide, Australia. She has a keen interest in children's vision and myopia control.
由于不受限制的教育补助金,这种教育内容为您带来了
参考
- 庞塞顿,K。&Preuss,C.V.在attpearls.(StatPearls Publishing StatPearls Publishing LLC., 2020).(link)
- 在Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)(National Library of Medicine (US), 2006).(link)
- Part 7.3: Management of Symptomatic Bradycardia and Tachycardia.Circulation112, IV-67-IV-77, doi:doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.166558 (2005).(link)
- Upadhyay,A.&Beuerman,R. W.阿托品对近视的无氧制品的生物学机制。眼神隐形眼镜, doi:10.1097/icl.0000000000000677 (2020).(link)
- Yen,M. Y.,Liu,J.H.,Kao,S. C.&Shao,C.H。阿托品和环戊酯对近视的影响比较。Ann Ophthalmol.21, 180-182, 187 (1989).(link)
- Shih,Y. F.等等。Effects of different concentrations of atropine on controlling myopia in myopic children.中国眼药性与治疗杂志CHINESE:官方药理学与治疗术协会15,85-90,DOI:10.1089 / JOP.1999.15.85(1999)。(link)
- 吴,T.E.,Yang,C. C. C.&Chen,H. S. Atropine使用近视儿童的眼内压力吗?Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry89, E161-167, doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e31823ac4c1 (2012).(link)
- 北部,R.V.&Kelly,M。E.探讨了阿托品局部给药的用途和不利影响。Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians7, 109-114, doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.1987.tb01004.x (1987).(link)
- Wakayama, A.等等。日本儿童循环术治疗局部阿托品硫酸盐和环戊烯醇盐酸盐的副作用发生率:多中心研究。JPN J Ophthalmol.62,531-536,DOI:10.1007 / S10384-018-0612-7(2018)。(link)
- Parsa,C. F.&Adyanthaya,R.为什么Atropine下降应该在唐氏综合征中使用。The British journal of ophthalmology92,295-296,DOI:10.1136 / BJO.2007.122457(2008)。(link)
- Kothari,M.,Jain,R.,Khadse,N.,Rathod,V.&Mutha,S.对儿童进行渐进式近视的逐步近视的过敏反应。印度j ophthalmol.66,1446-1450,DOI:10.4103 / IJo.ijo_165_18(2018)。(link)
- Derek Y. Kunimoto, K. K., Mary S. Makar.意志眼手册:办公室和急诊室诊断和眼病治疗。Vol. 4th Revised edition edition (April 1, 2004) (Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2004).(link)
- MIR,G. H.&Cumming,G. R.对唐氏综合症的阿托品反应。拱门的孩子46, 61-65, doi:10.1136/adc.46.245.61 (1971).(link)
- Hirsbein,D.,Genevois,O.,Proust,N.&Candena,E.是Atropine的眼滴完全安全地安全?BJA:英国麻醉杂志97,DOI:10.1093 / BJA / EL_532(2006)。(link)
- Medsafe. in卫生部(ED新西兰药品和医疗咨询安全管理局)(卫生部,新西兰,2015年)。(link)
- Siurana, J. M.等等。GP122是用阿托品0.01%眼镜的治疗,以防止儿童近视的进展吗?童年时期疾病档案104,A80,DOI:10.1136 / Archdischild-2019-EPA.187(2019)。(link)